Timeline of the Gray Wolf
By learning from the past and making informed choices, we can build a future where humans and wolves coexist peacefully.
1620
The Mayflower lands in Plymouth, Massachusetts
Wolves and Indigenous peoples live harmoniously in America. The arrival of European settlers bring Old World fear and hatred of wolves, marking the start of a tragic era of persecution. As the nation was colonized, wolves were hunted down in a war that lasted for centuries, leaving the species nearly extinct in the lower 48 states.
Photo courtesy of Panzer Gnauck
.JPG)
"Little Red Riding Hood" is published
Folklore, fairy tales, and fables promote the myth of the Big Bad Wolf. Passed on from generation to generation, the stories instill a fear of wolves that remains prevalent today.
Photo by INTERFOTO/History/Alamy Stock
1697
1800s
Westward expansion
As the western U.S. is settled by European Americans, wolves are shot, poisoned, trapped, burned, and strangled. Pups are excavated from dens and killed. Bounty hunters known as "wolfers" make a living by hunting wolves. By the mid 1880s, wolf bounties are awarded in most states for dead wolves.
Grabill, J. C. H., photographer. (1887) "Roping gray wolf," Cowboys take in a gray wolf on "Round up," in Wyoming. Wyoming, 1887. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/99613918/.
Yellowstone National Park
U.S. Congress establishes the world's first national park. The natural landscape of more than 2 million wilderness acres are preserved for public use. Gray wolves have roamed the area for many years and reside within the park boundary.
Photo courtesy of Panzer Gnauck
1872
1926
%20copy%203.JPG)
Wolves are extirpated from Yellowstone
A Yellowstone ranger is seen with wolf pups pulled from their den and brought to park headquarters in Mammoth. Shortly after the photo is taken, the pups are killed. Between 1914-26, at least 136 Yellowstone wolves are killed, the victims of a U.S. government-sponsored campaign to eradicate wolves from all federal lands. In 1926, the park's last known wild wolf pups are trapped and killed by rangers in Lamar Valley.
Photographer unknown; approximately 1922/NPS
A proposal to restore wolves
Early in Aldo Leopold's career as a U.S. forester, he is an advocate for wolf extirpation. However, after shooting a mother wolf and watching her die, he begins to question his own views. After observing the wilderness without wolves, Leopold recognizes their impact on ecosystem health. He advocates for the restoration of wolves to national parks, such as Yellowstone.
"We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes. I realized then and have known ever since that there was something new to me in those eyes, something known only to her and to the mountain. I was young then, and full of trigger-itch; I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer, that no wolves would mean hunters' paradise. But after seeing the green fire die, I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view." —Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, 1949
Photo courtesy of Panzer Gnauck
1944
1960
%20copy%206.JPG)
Gray wolves are nearly extinct
Fewer than 1,000 gray wolves remain in the lower 48 states, surviving only in the remote forests of northern Minnesota and on Isle Royale, where they are out of reach of humans. While the historic range of the gray wolf once covered over two-thirds of the continental U.S., the species occupies less than 5% of its ancestral homeland.
Photo of the Canyon Alpha Female, aka White Lady, and her mate 712M courtesy of Pete Bengeyfield
Endangered Species Act
After wolves vanished from the landscape, scientists begin to recognize their vital role as an apex predator and keystone species in a healthy and balanced ecosystem. A shift in public attitude in favor of wolf conservation leads to the passage of the Endangered Species Act, which is signed into law by President Richard Nixon on Dec. 28. With the survival of the gray wolf in question, the species was one of the first to be listed. This monumental reversal of government policy from eradication to restoration rescues wolves from the brink of extinction by granting them federal protection and enabling them a slow recovery.
Photo of Canyon Pack alpha male 712M by Free Roaming Photography — Mike Cavaroc
1973
1986
Wolves from Canada naturally recolonize northwestern Montana
Fifty years after government-sanctioned predator control killed off the last wolves in Glacier National Park, members of Canada's Magic pack venture into northwestern Montana, den inside the park, and produce a litter.
Photo by Colleen Gara/Getty Images
1987
%20copy%2010.JPG)
Red wolf reintroduction
Listed as extinct in the wild by 1980, the last 14 remaining wild red wolves are captured and become the founding members of a captive breeding program. From 1987-94, the red wolf species is reintroduced back to the wild in a portion of its former range. The successful Red Wolf Recovery Program becomes a model for the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone in 1995 and 1996, and for Mexican gray wolves to Arizona and New Mexico beginning in 1998.
Red wolf portrait by B. Bartel/USFWS
A reintroduction of gray wolves from Canada is approved
The natural recovery of wolves has not occurred as far south as Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. A reintroduction of wolves is officially endorsed by the Clinton administration to help accelerate wolf restoration.
Photo courtesy of Panzer Gnauck
1994
The historic return of wolves!
A total of 29 wolves are captured in Alberta, Canada: 14 wolves are transported to Yellowstone National Park and 15 wolves are transported to a wilderness area in central Idaho. The Idaho-bound wolves are freed into the wilderness immediately, while wolves going to Yellowstone (3 family groups) will be held in acclimation pens until late March.
Pictured: After almost a 70-year absence, wolves arrive to Yellowstone. On Jan. 12, the white truck carrying the first eight wolves of the reintroduction passes under the Roosevelt Arch into Yellowstone. The truck is destined for Lamar Valley, where the wolves will acclimate to their new home before being released into the park.
"Every time we stopped, visitors would come up and ask if they could pose next to the trailer. You couldn't even see the wolves in there, but people wanted photos. That's the magic that wolves have, and that's the first time we all felt that."
—Doug Smith, Senior Wildlife Biologist of the Yellowstone Wolf Project
Photo by Diane Papineau/NPS
1995
1995
%20copy.JPG)
Yellowstone wolves are carried acclimation pens
"This is the day the wolves are coming home, and the day Yellowstone will be a complete ecosystem again."
—Bruce Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior, 1993-2001
Pictured: The first wolf (alpha female 5F) is carried into the Crystal Creek acclimation pen by Mike Phillips-YNP Wolf Project Leader, Jim Evanoff-YNP, Mollie Beattie-Director of USFWS, Mike Finley-Supt. of YNP, and Bruce Babbitt-Sec. of the Interior.
Photo by Jim Peaco; January 12, 1995/NPS
.JPG)
Thoughts from the field: Mollie Beattie
"The wolves and I finally got to Yellowstone in January. What I did there was lift the handle of a metal box that encased the first wolf to be in the park in sixty years. I carried my corner of the box fifty yards up a hill and set it down in a moment of silent gratitude to all those who had worked for twenty years to get this far. Then, I put a finger up to one of the ventilation holes in the box and felt the gray fur and a little rib underneath it. Unexplainably, I am prouder of that short carry than many other of my life’s achievements, and I was as moved by the feel of the inch circle of fur and flesh as by any deep mystery of the earth seen in its fullness. When I put the box down, I turned to look over the Lamar Valley. What I can only call an instinct of the rightness that wolves were here now swept over me."
—Mollie Beattie, as Director of USFWS, 1993-96, she was instrumental in restoring wolves. Excerpt from Phillips, M. K., & Smith, D. W. (1996). The wolves of Yellowstone. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, (p. 52).
Pictured: Wolf 7F (aka Rosie) in her shipping crate looking out at her new home.
Photo by Jim Peaco; January 1995/NPS
1995
1995
.JPG)
The fist wolf exits an acclimation pen in Yellowstone
On March 24, biologists see 10M standing outside of the Rose Creek acclimation pen — he is a free wolf in Yellowstone. Tragically, after surviving only 34 days in the wild, 10M is illegally shot and killed by a trophy hunter. His mate finds his headless and skinless body, and lies down beside him. She gives birth to eight pups fathered by 10M. His legacy will live on through his sons and daughters, the first wild wolf pups to be born in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in 70 years!
Pictured: 10M at the Rose Creek acclimation pen.
Photo by Barry O'Neill; 1995/NPS
%20copy%203.JPG)
A wolf pack naturally forms in Yellowstone
In late January, 7F of the Rose Creek pack and 2M of the Crystal Creek pack naturally pair in the wild. In honor of Aldo Leopold, the conservationist who first envisioned restoring wolves to Yellowstone, the pack they found is named the Leopold pack.
Pictured: 7F (aka Rosie) in the Rose Creek acclimation pen.
Photo by Jim Peaco; 1995/NPS
1996
1996
%20copy.JPG)
Gray wolf reintroduction continues
For year two, a total of 37 wolves are captured in British Columbia, Canada: 17 wolves (4 family groups) are transported to Yellowstone National Park and 20 wolves are transported to Idaho.
Pictured: 40F, the future Druid Peak pack alpha female and mother of 06, exiting a shipping crate into the Rose Creek acclimation pen.
Photo by Jim Peaco; January 26, 1996/NPS
%20copy%205.JPG)
Wild wolf pups are released in Yellowstone
Lethal control action is taken against a wild wolf pack in northeast Montana, leaving 10 pups orphaned. Likely to perish if left on their own, the pups are relocated to Yellowstone and released into the park. Their addition extends the reintroduction into 1997 and furthers the genetic diversity of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem wolf population. Pictured: Sawtooth wolf pup
Photo by Jim Peaco; January 1997/NPS
1997
2003
%20copy%2018.JPG)
USFWS begins the process of removing federal ESA protections for gray wolves
In April, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) identifies three large geographical Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) for gray wolves. Although the gray wolf remains absent from 95% of its historic range, USFWS downlists wolves in the Eastern and Western DPSs from endangered to threatened. Wolves in the Southwestern DPS remain endangered. The downlisting and DPSs are challenged by conservation groups through litigation. The courts rule the actions are a violation of the ESA and gray wolves regain their endangered status.
Photo Source: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2007-08
%20copy%2019.JPG)
USFWS attempts to delist wolves again in smaller DPSs
USFWS identifies the gray wolf in the Western Great Lakes as a DPS and removes the DPS from the list of threatened and endangered species effective March 12, 2007. The DPS encompasses all of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, as well as the eastern halves of North Dakota and South Dakota, the northern half of Iowa, northern portions of Illinois and Indiana, and the northwestern portion of Ohio.
In February 2008, USFWS identifies the gray wolf in the Northern Rocky Mountains as a DPS and removes the DPS from the list of threatened and endangered species. The DPS encompasses all of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, as well as the eastern one-third of Oregon and Washington, and the northwestern portion of Utah. One of the first wolves killed in Wyoming is a member of Yellowstone's Druid Peak pack — 253M, also known as Limpy. He is shot on the very day it becomes legal to shoot wolves in Wyoming's so-called "Predator Zone".
Both delistings are challenged by conservation groups and overturned by the courts. Federal ESA protections are reinstated for both wolf populations.
Photos source: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2009-10
%20copy%204.JPG)
USFWS tries again — this time delisting wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountain DPS, except for Wyoming, as well as the Western Great Lakes DPS
Effective May 4, 2009, USFWS delists wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountain DPS, except in Wyoming — which is excluded because the state's proposed management plan allows wolves to be shot-on-sight across 85% of the state. The federal agency determines it will not delist Wyoming wolves until the state establishes a wolf management plan that ensures the continued recovery of the species. The delisting is challenged by conservation groups through litigation.
In April 2, 2009, USFWS delists wolves in the Western Great Lakes DPS. The delisting is challenged by conservation groups through litigation and in July 2009, pursuant to a settlement agreement, USFWS withdraws the delisting. Federal ESA protections are restored for gray wolves in the Western Great Lakes DPS.
As a result of the Northern Rocky Mountain DPS delisting, Idaho and Montana authorize wolf hunting seasons. On Sept. 1, 2009, legal wolf hunting begins in two areas of Idaho and will expand through most of the state by the end of the month. On Sept. 9, a federal court ruling allows Idaho and Montana to continue with the regulated hunting of wolves. Montana's legal wolf hunt begins on September 15. Early in the Montana hunt, three members of Yellowstone's Cottonwood pack are shot and killed: alpha female 527F (Druid Peak pack lineage), her mate/alpha male, and daughter 716F. The pack dissolves. At least 257 wolves are killed by hunters in Idaho and Montana before the season ends. On Aug. 5, 2010, the delisting is overturned and federal ESA protections are restored for gray wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountain DPS.
2011
%20copy%203.JPG)
Congress legislatively delists wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountain DPS, except for Wyoming
A wolf delisting rider, sponsored by Sen. Jon Tester (D-Mont.) and Rep. Mike Simpson (R-Idaho), is added at the last minute to a must-pass Congressional federal budget bill. The rider orders USFWS to reissue the January 2009 rule delisting wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountain DPS, except for Wyoming. A rider is a provision added to a Congressional bill under consideration even though it may be unrelated to the bill to which it is attached, and may be used to pass unpopular provisions. In this case, wolf delisting is not related with the federal budget and hunting is unpopular with the American public at large. The bill is passed by Congress and signed into law by President Obama, overturning the earlier court ruling that rejected the 2009 rule. This marks the first time Congress has removed ESA protections for a species in the Act's almost 40-year history. The rider states that the rule is not subject to judicial review, which means the courts are unable to change it.
Photo courtesy of Gypsy Jason Kladiva, Your Friend in Yellowstone
USFWS delists wolves in the Western Great Lakes DPS
In December, USFWS delists wolves in the Western Great Lakes. Almost 1,600 wolves are killed by hunters and trappers in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan before federal protections are restored.
Photo by Doug Steakley/Getty Images
2011
2012
%20copy%202.JPG)
USFWS delists wolves in Wyoming. The Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population is now fully delisted.
In a reversal of policy, USFWS accepts the previously rejected Wyoming wolf management plan, despite no new evidence to indicate wolves would be adequately protected. Wyoming wolves are delisted on September 30 and a wolf hunt begins on Oct. 1. On Nov. 11, 06s mate 754M is shot and killed in Wyoming. One month later, 06 herself is shot and killed. The Wyoming delisting is challenged by conservation groups through litigation.
Photo by Nick Garbutt; January 17, 2018/Alamy Stock
.JPG)
06 is shot and killed
On Dec. 6, 06 — the world's most famous wolf — is shot and killed in Wyoming by a trophy hunter. With her loss, the pack's social structure is disrupted and the pack fragments. All the females of the pack are daughters of the alpha male, which causes him to leave the pack in search of a mate. The once mighty Lamar Canyon pack — 13 strong before 06 was killed — will carry on with just two daughters who remain inside Yellowstone.
Photo of 06 courtesy of Kathy Schmidt, an avid Yellowstone wolf watcher; February 9, 2010
2012
2014
%20copy.JPG)
Federal ESA protections are restored for wolves in the Western Great Lakes DPS and Wyoming
In September, a federal court nullifies the August 2012 Wyoming delisting. In December, a federal court nullifies the 2011 Western Great Lakes delisting. Federal ESA protections are reinstated for both populations.
Photo of 540F, the Hayden Valley Alpha Female, mother of White Lady and grandmother of the Wapiti Alpha Female, courtesy of Pete Bengeyfield.
Wolves are delisted in Wyoming
In March, a U.S. Court of Appeals reverses the September 2014 district court decision. On April 26, USFWS again delists wolves in the state of Wyoming.
Photo by William Krumpelman/iStock
2017
2020
Nearly all gray wolves in the lower 48 states are delisted
USFWS delists gray wolves across the continental U.S. effective Jan. 4, 2021, excluding a small population of Mexican gray wolves in Arizona and New Mexico, which remain endangered. The delisting does not affect the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population — wolves in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Utah were already delisted by Congress in 2011, and wolves in Wyoming were delisted by USFWS in 2017. Conservation groups challenge the delisting through litigation.
Photo by Thomas Hanahoe/Alamy Stock
%20copy.JPG)
States are killing fields for wolves
In the 2021 legislative sessions in Montana and Idaho, legislators pass aggressive wolf hunting policies with the intent to reduce the statewide wolf population in Montana by as much as 85% and Idaho by as much as 90%.
In February, a wolf hunt in Wisconsin lasts fewer than three days before the season is closed by state wildlife managers. Hunters and trappers kill 218 wolves, far exceeding the statewide quota of 119. About 86% of the wolves are killed by hunters, using packs of unleashed hunting dogs to track down packs of wolves, and run them to exhaustion. Because the hunt occurs during gray wolf breeding season, the loss of pregnant females and pup production will impact the wolf population, possibly for years to come. Two lawsuits are filed to challenge a fall Wisconsin wolf hunt that is scheduled to begin on November 6. In one lawsuit, six tribes sue in violation of treaty rights and wildlife advocacy groups sue in the other. An injunction is issued in Wisconsin court two weeks prior to the hunt that blocks the hunt from happening.
On May 26, conservation groups file a petition to relist the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population, citing concerns about the threat of aggressive hunting policies to the decades of progress toward recovery.
On Sept. 15, the USFWS announces the concerns are credible and initiates a full status review.
On Dec. 16, Yellowstone National Park Supt. Cam Sholly sends a letter to Montana Gov. Greg Gianforte asking for the wolf quotas in areas near the park to be restored because the number of park wolves killed in the two management units exceeds the number of park wolves in those units in any other year.
Photo by Matthew Ferguson/iStock
2021
2022
%20copy%206.JPG)
Federal ESA protections are restored for gray wolves in much of the U.S.
In February, a federal court decision reverses the 2020 delisting. Federal ESA protections are reinstated for gray wolves across much of the U.S. However, wolves in the NRM are not affected and remain delisted, state-managed, and aggressively hunted.
Fortunately, wolves have advocates across America fighting to keep wolves safe!
On March 1, a second petition to relist the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population is submitted to the Sec. of the Interior acting through USFWS.
In August, a petition authored by the Center for Biological Diversity and signed by 27 conservation groups, including The 06 Legacy, calls on the USFWS to disqualify Montana and Idaho from receiving millions of dollars in federal conservation funds because of the aggressive anti-wolf legislation enacted by the states in 2021.
In August, the Center for Biological Diversity, the Humane Society of the United States, Humane Society Legislative Fund, and Sierra Club filed a lawsuit against USFWS for missing its deadline to decide whether gray wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains warrant federal protections under the ESA.
In August, the Center for Biological Diversity notified the USFWS of its intention to sue over the agency's failure to develop a national wolf recovery plan.
Photo by Nathan Hobbs/iStock
%20copy%203.webp)
USFWS maintains status quo—conservation organizations sue
On Feb. 4, the USFWS announced that it would not relist gray wolves in the Northern Rockies under the Endangered Species Act. Instead, the agency said it would develop a national gray wolf recovery plan by December 2025.
On April 8, 2024, the Center for Biological Diversity, the Humane Society of the United States, the Humane Society LegalFund, and the Sierra Club filed a lawsuit against the USFWS over its denial to reinstate federal protections for wolves in the Northern Rockies. The lawsuit claims that the USFWS’s decision disregards extensive scientific evidence showing that state-sanctioned hunting and trapping are leading to dangerously low wolf populations, threatening their long-term survival and violating the Endangered Species Act’s requirement to protect vulnerable species.
In a separate lawsuit, Western Watersheds Project, International Wildlife Coexistence Network, Wildearth Guardians, Protecting theEnvironment, Alliance for the Wild Rockies, Friends of the ClearwaterWildernessWatch, Predator Defense, Trap Free Montana, and Protect the Wolves filed a lawsuit to get wolves relisted. They argue that wolf management under Idaho and Montana set the gray wolves on a path to near extinction and poor genetic diversity, and relies on faulty, if not bogus, statistics to justify their management actions, posing a significant threat to the long-term survival of the species.
Photo by Ron Niebrugge/Alamy Stock
2024
2024
.avif)
Heinous wolf torture incident in Daniel, Wyoming
In February 2024, a video emerged showing Cody Roberts torturing and brutally killing a gray wolf in Daniel, Wyoming, which ignited nationwide outrage. The footage of a young female wolf with its mouth taped shut after being run over by a snowmobile and critically injuring her. Roberts took her to a local bar in town, where he and others taunted and tortured the animal before ultimately killing it. The extreme cruelty exhibited by Roberts prompted condemnation from animal rights organizations and people across the country.
In response to the incident, activists Jonas Black and Kim Bean, along with Wyoming Wildlife Advocates and Wyoming Untrapped, organized "Hogs for Hope: A Bike Ride for Wolves." The event aimed to raise awareness about the cruelty inflicted on wolves and advocate for stronger legal protections. The ride spanned several hundred miles from Daniel, Wyoming, to the state capital in Cheyenne. Cyclists wore shirts and carried banners with slogans like "Justice for Wolves" and "End Cruelty Now," attracting significant media attention and engaging communities along the route.
On June 26, the "A Cry for the Wild" rally was held on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. Thousands of participants, including environmentalists, animal rights activists, scientists, educators, and concerned citizens, gathered to support wolf conservation. The rally received extensive media coverage, amplifying the call for wolf protection. The presence of supportive lawmakers underscored the growing political momentum for wolf conservation, with several pledging to introduce or back legislation aimed at strengthening protections and addressing the shortcomings of current management practices. This political backing highlighted the potential for real policy changes stemming from the rally.
Photo by Nathan Hobbs/iStock
Nov. 5, 2024
Election Day
Gray wolves are not out of danger. Several bills have been introduced in the U.S. Congress that aim to delist even more wolves, and more keep coming. This Election Day, make your vote a powerful voice for the protection of wolves.
Photo by Dr K Kar/Getty Images
The 06 Legacy is a 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting America's gray wolves.
